Provisions of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles forbade Germany (defeated in World War I) to station armed forces in a demilitarized zone in the Rhinelanda region in western Germany bordering France, Belgium, and part of the Netherlands. The causes, the different types, and what we can do to prevent and mitigate. In a blatant violation of the treaty, on March 7, 1936, Hitler ordered German troops to reoccupy the zone. Q. Hitler's first military action: German troops occupy the Rhineland The next day the separatists came up against counter demonstrators who surrounded and wrecked their Sekretariat in Friedrich-Wilhelm-Platz, near the theatre. As they fled down the twisting road, back towards Bad Honnef, they encountered the local militia, well dug in and waiting for them: Schneider's men seized the trucks and then routed the separatist gang. Introduction Following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forced to make numerous concessions - Most notably, the loss of Alsace-Lorraine, the demilitarization of Rhineland. Hans Adam Dorten (18801963), an army reserve officer and former Dsseldorf public prosecutor, made a speech at Wiesbaden, on 1 June 1919, in which he proclaimed "The Independent Rhenish Republic", which was to incorporate the existing Rhineland Province along with parts of Hesse and Bavaria's Upper Rhineland. The Rhenish Republic is best understood as the aspiration of a poorly focused liberation struggle. Small Missouri village moved to uphill site after 1993 flood The Treaty of Versailles had set aside the Rhineland, a strip of land 31 miles wide, as a buffer zone between Germany and France. In 1939, Hitler invaded Poland, leading to the outbreak of World War II in Europe. Rhineland - Wikipedia During the afternoon of 15 November, a group of separatists drove two trucks into the Himberg quarter of Aegidienberg: here they were confronted by around 30 armed quarry workers. In March 1938 German troops marched into Austria 7. Muslims. He argued that the move was needed as a defence strategy especially as France and the Soviet Union had renewed their alliance in 1935. German re-armament had not yet reached a point where they felt ready to take on a well-armed nation like France. In the Treaty of Versailles, 414 of the 440 clauses were dedicated solely to punishing Germany for WWI. https://history.blog.gov.uk/2015/12/01/whats-the-context-1-december-1925-signing-the-locarno-treaties/~, Key stage 3 At the earliest historical period, the territories between the Ardennes and the Rhine were occupied by the Treveri, the Eburones and other Celtic tribes, who, however, were all more or less modified and influenced by their Germanic neighbors. Other terms restricted the German army to 100,000 men and the navy to just 36 ships. Parallel coup attempts in many Rhenish towns blew up, most of them following much the same pattern. French troops did not leave the Rhineland until 1925. On 9 January 1923 the Reparations Commission determined that Germany had wilfully held back from making payments due, and two days later troops occupied the rest of the Ruhr Area: thus the Rhineland's richest industrial region now bore, on behalf of Germany, the principal burden of the reparations imposed at Versailles. How co2 is dissolve in cold drink and why? What is the word that goes with a public officer of a town or township responsible for keeping the peace? In May 1935 France signed a treaty of friendship and mutual support with the USSR. However the British people felt that the Treaty of Versailles was unfair on Germany and was over-restrictive, and so partly because of this, the British government decided to do nothing. Although Germany had been steadily building up her army since 1933 it was not strong enough to hold the Rhineland if France or Britain counter-attacked. 5. Ever wanted to reclaim the Rhineland in 2000? 10 November saw an outburst of looting at Linz am Rhein: the Rathaus was taken over and the Brgermeister was forced from office. All Rights Reserved. It lies east of Germany's border with France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Local government representatives and officials were expelled from civic buildings which were taken over. The proclamation of a West German Republic was to be deferred, however, so that the Prussian state might be divided up. The Matthes government issued Rhenish bank notes and ordered an extensive "Requisitioning" exercise: this was the signal for the Rhineland Protection Force to embark upon a level of arbitrary widespread looting which greatly exceeded anything necessary simply for feeding the hungry "protection troops". Hitler took a big risk, as he did not know how the Allies would react. It lies east of Germanys border with France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. v3.0. Louis XIVs wars consolidated the French position on the Alsatian Rhine, but ducal Lorraine was not definitively incorporated in France until 1766. In the High Middle Ages, numerous Imperial States along the river emerged from the former stem duchy of Lotharingia, without developing any common political or cultural identity. What Hitler did Re-Armament Reclaim the Rhineland Make Alliances Unite German- speaking people Invade European Countries . Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. What was the date of sameul de champlians marriage? If youre interested in becoming a part of our project, wed love to hear from you. Protracted international negotiations failed to undo the German remilitarization of the Rhineland, and the passive attitude of the Western powers foreshadowed their acquiescence to Hitlers annexation of Austria and to his demands on Czechoslovakia in 1938. Use the Foreign Office documents in this lesson from March 11th 1936 to find out about the motives and attitudes of the British government as they discuss their options. The French appealed to the British for support but many British politicians felt that Germany was simply re-claiming what was theirs anyway. To begin with, were working with six communities to develop creative ways to improve resilience to flood and drought risk, three in each county. Updates? The Supreme Court in Leipzig issued an arrest warrant for Dorten, citing 'high treason', but by remaining in the French occupied territories, Dorten made the execution of arrest warrant impossible. Additionally, popular feeling in Britain was totally against another major war. "Rhenish" redirects here. We strive for accuracy and fairness. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. The old Lotharingian divisions became obsolete, and while the Lower Lorraine lands were referred to as the Low Countries, the name of Lorraine became restricted to the region on the upper Moselle that still bears it. Acknowledgements. In 1936 he had marched soldiers into the Rhineland region and reclaimed it for Germany. Due in part to this lack of reaction, Adolf Hitler would begin to take over other lands throughout Western Europe. Under the terms of the Treaty of Locarno 1925 Germany, France, Britain and Italy agreed that the Rhineland should remain a demilitarised zone permanently. On 7 March 1936, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, German troops marched into the Rhineland and other regions along the Rhine. For the first time in 17 years, the city's streets resound to the goosestep. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW The negation of 'Paris is in France and London is in England' is ___. In the lignite district of the Rhineland one of the main aims is to reclaim afforested areas as soon as possible and to promote plant growth (Topp, 2000). Later the Rhineland was divided among the duchies of Lorraine (or Upper Lorraine and Lower Lorraine), Saxony, Franconia, and Swabia; but, during the late European Middle Ages and early modern period, the Rhineland became the seat of numerous territorial principalities. The Rhenish Republic (German: Rheinische Republik) was proclaimed at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) in October 1923 during the occupation of the Ruhr by troops from France and Belgium (January 1923 1925) and subjected itself to French protectorate. 3 Original Source: https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205193835. Reddit, Inc. 2023. Since he was not Appeasement Flashcards | Quizlet A century later, Upper Guelders and Moers also became Prussian. 20th Century Timeline Of World History: What Happened? To the west the area stretches to the borders with Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands; on the eastern side it encompasses the towns and cities along the river and the Bergisches Land area up to the Westphalian (Siegerland) and Hessian regions. Konrad Adenauer, who during the period of the "Koblenz Government" had constantly been at odds with Dorten, presented to the French generals another proposal, for the creation of a west German autonomous federal state (die Bildung eines Autonomen westdeutschen Bundesstaates). Western Civ Chapter 10 Flashcards | Quizlet A non-violent putsch was also attempted across the Rhine in Mainz. parameters in reclaimed loess soils of the Rhineland lignite mining area Thomas Delschen* North Rhine -Westphalia State Environment Agency, P.O. The occupying armies consisted of American, Belgian, British and French forces. Soil fauna of a reclaimed lignite open-cast mine of the Rhineland With this is mind, some teachers may wish to use this lesson with our three other lessons on Chamberlain and Hitler, Edens last stand, and the leadership of Adolf Hitler shown in Related Resources. We'd like to use additional cookies to remember your settings and understand how you use our services. Notes VII. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Hitler later commented The forty-eight hours after the march into the Rhineland were the most nerve-racking in my life. In May 1935, France and the USSR signed a treaty of friendship and mutual support. HistoryOnTheNet 2000-2019. The quarry workers thereupon showered bullets on the separatists who turned and fled along the little Schmelz valley. Versailles British prime minister in 1938 Chamberlain Area on the border of Czechoslovakia and Germany that Hitler wanted returned to Germany Sudetenland Hitler was reclaiming this that had been lost in 1919 Territory People believed a stronger Germany would prevent the spread of this Cummunism Wang conscientiously focused on traditional Chinese cultures, but while the film received positive . The Siebengebirge district consists of a series of low wooded hills wedged between the A3 Autobahn and Knigswinter, a resort town on the east bank of the Rhine. The country is indeed low-lying and remarkably flat, with large expanses of lakes, rivers, and canals. Theodor Weinz, the separatists' hostage who had been fatally shot at Hvel, was buried in the Aegidienberg cemetery, near to its main entrance: the primary school has been named after him. The meeting asserted the right of the Rhineland peoples to political self-determination. The Franco-Soviet five-year treaty of mutual guarantee (May 2, 1935) was declared by Nazi Germany to be a violation of earlier international agreements. Koblenz-on-the-Rhine, once occupied by Uncle Sam's troops. Leo Deckers resigned his office on 27 November. As the central power of the Holy Roman Emperor weakened, the Rhineland disintegrated into numerous small independent principalities, each with its separate vicissitudes and special chronicles. Another leading figure present was Leo Deckers from Aachen. However, civic putsches did not prevail everywhere: in Jlich, Mnchengladbach, Bonn and Erkelenz, separatist attempts to take over public buildings were immediately thwarted, sometimes violently: other districts remained entirely untouched by separatist agitation. The new government's power was heavily dependent on finance and support from the French occupation force, as well as on the separatists' own Rhineland Protection Force, which was primarily recruited from men expelled from their homes by the French militarisation of the Ruhr. Because the coverage is extremely. The next day saw hand-to-hand fighting involving the local police. To resume possession of; take back: reclaimed our luggage; reclaimed the heavyweight boxing title. German territory west of the Rhine had been off-limits to the German military. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Who doesnt remember the great Japanese-German conflict over the Rhineland . By using their expert local knowledge were coming up with creative initiatives to reuse water and help protect against flooding. In the towns, the remaining separatist Burgermeister found themselves voted out of office at the end of 1923 or were, for their activities, before the courts. To begin with, we're working with six communities to develop creative ways to improve resilience to flood and drought risk, three in each county. More precise information on the deaths and other events of the Aegidienberg "insurrection" may survive within the archives of the French gendarmes. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Remilitarization of the Rhineland - Wikipedia Remilitarization of the Rhineland | Holocaust Encyclopedia This Prussian territory was united with Prussias adjacent possessions on the Rhines right bank to form the Rhine Province in 1824. Under the Treaty of Versailles, German troops were banned from all territory west of the Rhine and within 50 kilometers east of the Rhine. They reveal the crisis it produced for Britain and her some of her allies. The incorporation/reincorporation of most of the Rhineland into Prussia did not run smoothly and remained incomplete more than a century later. Historically, the Rhinelands[1] refers (physically speaking) to a loosely defined region embracing the land on the banks of the Rhine in Central Europe, which were settled by Ripuarian and Salian Franks and became part of Frankish Austrasia. According to contemporaries, the dead men had come originally from the Kevelaer and Krefeld areas, between the Ruhr and the Dutch border. Surrender was refused however: a truce briefly ensued. WHKMLA : The French Occupation of the Rhineland, 1918-1930 - ZUM At the same time, these events occurred during the occupation of the Rhineland by American, Belgian, British and French troops. Notable Rhenish Imperial States included: In spite of its dismembered condition and the sufferings it underwent at the hands of its French neighbors in various periods of warfare, the Rhenish territory prospered greatly and stood in the foremost rank of German culture and progress. In 1946, the Rhineland was divided into the newly founded states of Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Rhineland-Palatinate. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Nazi Germany: Politics, Society, and Key Events, California Do not sell my personal information. Many Rhinelanders continued to regard rule by Prussia as a form of foreign occupation. [according to whom?] He argued that the move was needed as a defence strategy especially as France and the Soviet Union had renewed their alliance in 1935. The next day, the government urged resistance and eventually, on 2 November 1923, Belgian occupation troops expelled the separatists from Eschweiler. [7][8], A Prussian influence began on a small scale in 1609 by the occupation of the Duchy of Cleves. Across town, changes at the Technical High School included the exclusion from Aachen of non-resident students. Archived post. Panic was apparent as people rushed around trying to move to safety their cattle and other chattels.